Linux

IPv4 and IPv6 IPv4 uses 32-bits for addresses;there are only 4.3 bilion unique addresses available. IPv6 uses 128-bits for addresses; this allows for 3.4 * 10^38 unique addresses. One reason IPv4 has not disappeared is there are widely-used ways t o effectively make many more addresses available by methods such as NAT(Network Address Translation). NAT enables sharing one IP address among many locally connected computers, each of which has a unique address only seen on the local network....

Explain basic networking concepts, including types of networks and addressing issues. Configure network interfaces and use basic networking utilities, such as ifconfig, ip, ping, route and traceroute Use grphical and non-graphical browsers, such as Lynx, w3m, Firefox, Chrome and Epiphany. Transfer files to and from clients and servers using both graphical and text mode applications, such as scp, ftp, sftp, curl and wget.

tr the tr utility is used to translate specified characters into other characters or to delete them. tr [options] set1 [set2] set1: to be replaced or removed set2: to be substituted for the characters listed in the first argument. tr ‘{}’ ‘()’ < inputfile > outputfile translate braces into parenthesis echo " … " | tr [:space:] ‘\t’ translate white-space to tabs echo “This is for testing” | tr -s [:space:]...

grep grep [0-9] print the lines that contain the numbers 0 through 9 grep -C 3 [pattern] print context of lines (specified number of lines above and below the pattern) for matching the pattern. Here, the number of lines is specified as 3 strings strings is used to extract all character strings found in the file or files given as arguments. it is useful in locating human-readable content embedded in binary files; for text files one can just use grep...

sort sort -k 3 sort the lines by the 3rd field on each line instead of the beginning sort -u equivalent to run uniq after sort uniq uniq removes duplicate consecutive lines in a text file and is useful for simplifying the text display uniq requires that the duplicate entries must be consecutive, one often runs sort first and then pipes the output into uniq; to count the number of duplicate entries, use the following command:...