cat cat read / write / concatenate tac prints the lines of a file in reverse order. each line remains the same, but the order of lines is inverted. cat > file cat » file (any subsequenet lines are appended to the file, until CTRL-D is typed) using cat interactively echo -e option, along with the following switches, is used to enable special character sequences, such as the newline character or horizontal tab
elevating to root account sudo configuration files are stored in the /tec/sudoers file and in the /etc/sudoers.d directory. by default, the sudoers.d directory is empty
filesystems lick /proc are called pseudo filesystems because they exist only in memory /var may be put in its own filesystem so that growth can be contained and not fatally affect the ststem /boot contains the basic files needed to boot the system
1. Backing Up Data cp <-> rsync rsync is more efficient, because it checks if the file being copied already exists. rsync copies only the parts of files that have actually changed, it can be very fast cp can only copy files to and from destinations on the local machine (unless mounted using NFS), rsync can also be used to copy files from one machine to another. someone@host:path 2. Using rsync a very useful way to back up a project directory might be to use the following command....
3. using the file utility in linux, a file’s extension does not, by default, ategorize its nature the way it might in other operating systems. for example, one cannot assume that a file named “file.txt” is a text file and not an executable program. 6. Lab10.2: Using diff and patch diff -Naur original modified > original.patch patch original < original.patch